به محفل ریاضی ایرانیان خوش آمدید! لطفا برای استفاده از تمامی امکانات عضو شوید
0 امتیاز
265 بازدید
در دانشگاه توسط mansour (784 امتیاز)
ویرایش شده توسط mansour

ثابت کنید که: $$ \int _0^ \infty \frac{Arctanx}{x(1+x)(1+ x^{2} )} dx= \frac{3 \pi }{8} ln2- \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{16} + \frac{G}{2} \wedge G= \beta (2)$$

توسط mansour (784 امتیاز)
ویرایش شده توسط mansour
$$t=Arctan x \wedge x=0 \leadsto t=0 \wedge x \rightarrow  \infty  \wedge t= \frac{ \pi }{2}  \Longrightarrow I= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{t}{tant(1+tant)} dt \wedge  \frac{1}{tant(1+tant)} = \frac{A}{tant} + \frac{B}{1+tant} \Longrightarrow A=1 \wedge B=-1 \Longrightarrow I_1= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{t}{tant} dt \wedge I_2= -\int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{t}{1+tant} dt$$$$I_1= \int _0^  \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{t}{tant}  dt= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} t \frac{cost}{sint} dt= \underbrace{tlogsint]_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} =0} - \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt=- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt \wedge I(a,b)= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  cos^{2a-1}(t)  sin^{2b-1} (t)dt= \frac{1}{2}  \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)}  \Longrightarrow  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  cos^{2a-1}(t)  sin^{2b-1} (t)log(sint)dt= \frac{1}{2}  \frac{\partial}{\partial b}  \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)} = \frac{1}{4}  \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)} [ \psi (b)- \psi (a+b)]dt$$$$ \longrightarrow a=b= \frac{1}{2} : \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt= \frac{1}{4}  \frac{ \overbrace{ \Gamma ( \frac{1}{2} ) \Gamma ( \frac{1}{2} )} = \sqrt{ \pi }  \sqrt{ \pi } }{ \underbrace{ \Gamma (1)}=1 } [ \psi ( \frac{1}{2} )- \psi (1)] \leadsto  \psi (m+ \frac{1}{2} )=2 \psi (2m)- \psi(m) -2ln2 \wedge m= \frac{1}{2} : \psi ( \frac{1}{2} )=- \gamma -2ln2 \wedge  \psi (1)=- \gamma  \Longrightarrow  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt=- \frac{ \pi }{2} ln2 \Longrightarrow I_1=- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt= \frac{ \pi }{2} log2 $$$$I_2= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{t}{1+tant} dt= \int_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2}  \frac{tcost}{sint+cost} dt \Longrightarrow IBP:I_2=t \int  \frac{cost}{sint+cost} dt- \int [ \frac{d}{dt}  \int  \frac{cost}{sint+cost} dt]dt= \frac{1}{2} t[t+log(sint+cost)]_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} - \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} [t+log(sint+cost)]dt= \frac{  \pi}{4} [ \frac{ \pi }{2} ]- \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} tdt- \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint+cost)dt= \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{8} - \frac{1}{4} [ \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{4} ]- \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log( \sqrt{2} cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} ))dt= \frac {  \pi ^{2} }{16} - \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log( \sqrt{2} )dt- \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} ))dt= \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{16} - \underbrace{ \frac{1}{4} log(2) \frac{ \pi }{2}= \frac{ \pi }{8} log(2) } - \frac{1}{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log[cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} )]dt$$$$I= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log[cos (t- \frac{ \pi }{4} )]dt \wedge t- \frac{ \pi }{4} =u  \Longrightarrow  dt=du \wedge t=0   \wedge u= \frac{ \pi }{4}  \wedge t= \frac{ \pi }{2}  \Longrightarrow u= \frac{ \pi }{4}  \Longrightarrow I= \int _ {- \frac{ \pi }{4} } ^ { \frac{ \pi }{4} } log(cos u)du=2 \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos u)du now we consider I'= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos u)du \wedge J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(sinu)du \Longrightarrow I'+J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos usinu)du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log ( \frac{1}{2} sin2u)du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(sin2u)du- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)du= \underbrace{ \frac{1 }{2}  \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sinu) \leadsto 2u \longrightarrow u} du- \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)=- \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)$$$$I'-J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log ( \frac{sinu}{cosu} )du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log (tan u)du \wedge let tanu=w \longrightarrow du= \frac{dw}{1+ w^{2} }  \wedge when u=0,w=0 \wedge u= \frac{ \pi }{4} ,w=1 \Longrightarrow I'-J= \int _0^1 \frac{logw}{1+ w^{2} } dw \Longrightarrow we know: \beta (z)= \frac{ (-1)^{z-1} }{ \Gamma (z)}  \int _0^1 \frac{ log^{z-1} x}{1+ x^{2} } dx \Longrightarrow I'-J= \frac{ \Gamma (2)}{ (-1)^{1} }  \beta (2)=- \beta (2)=G:catalans constant \Longrightarrow J= -\frac{1}{2} (G+ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)),I'= \frac{1}{2} (G- \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)) \Longrightarrow I=2I'=G- \frac{ \pi }{2} log (2) \Longrightarrow I_2= \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{16} - \frac{ \pi }{8} log (2)+ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)- \frac{1}{2} G.$$$$ \Longrightarrow  \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)-[ \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{16} + \frac{ \pi }{8} log(2)- \frac{1}{2} G]= \frac{3 \pi }{8} log(2)- \frac{  \pi ^{2} }{16} + \frac{G}{2} $$
توسط قاسم شبرنگ (4,161 امتیاز)
مخرخ کسر تابع زیر انتگرال واضح نیست.

1 پاسخ

0 امتیاز
توسط mansour (784 امتیاز)

$$t=Arctan x \wedge x=0 \leadsto t=0 \wedge x \rightarrow \infty \wedge t= \frac{ \pi }{2} \Longrightarrow I= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{t}{tant(1+tant)} dt \wedge \frac{1}{tant(1+tant)} = \frac{A}{tant} + \frac{B}{1+tant} \Longrightarrow A=1 \wedge B=-1 \Longrightarrow I_1= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{t}{tant} dt \wedge I_2= -\int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{t}{1+tant} dt$$$$I_1= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{t}{tant} dt= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} t \frac{cost}{sint} dt= \underbrace{tlogsint]_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} =0} - \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt=- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt \wedge I(a,b)= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} cos^{2a-1}(t) sin^{2b-1} (t)dt= \frac{1}{2} \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)} \Longrightarrow \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} cos^{2a-1}(t) sin^{2b-1} (t)log(sint)dt= \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial}{\partial b} \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)} = \frac{1}{4} \frac{ \Gamma (a) \Gamma (b)}{ \Gamma (a+b)} [ \psi (b)- \psi (a+b)]dt$$$$ \longrightarrow a=b= \frac{1}{2} : \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt= \frac{1}{4} \frac{ \overbrace{ \Gamma ( \frac{1}{2} ) \Gamma ( \frac{1}{2} )} = \sqrt{ \pi } \sqrt{ \pi } }{ \underbrace{ \Gamma (1)}=1 } [ \psi ( \frac{1}{2} )- \psi (1)] \leadsto \psi (m+ \frac{1}{2} )=2 \psi (2m)- \psi(m) -2ln2 \wedge m= \frac{1}{2} : \psi ( \frac{1}{2} )=- \gamma -2ln2 \wedge \psi (1)=- \gamma \Longrightarrow \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt=- \frac{ \pi }{2} ln2 \Longrightarrow I_1=- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint)dt= \frac{ \pi }{2} log2 $$$$I_2= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{t}{1+tant} dt= \int_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} \frac{tcost}{sint+cost} dt \Longrightarrow IBP:I_2=t \int \frac{cost}{sint+cost} dt- \int [ \frac{d}{dt} \int \frac{cost}{sint+cost} dt]dt= \frac{1}{2} t[t+log(sint+cost)]_0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} - \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} [t+log(sint+cost)]dt= \frac{ \pi}{4} [ \frac{ \pi }{2} ]- \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} tdt- \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sint+cost)dt= \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{8} - \frac{1}{4} [ \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{4} ]- \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log( \sqrt{2} cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} ))dt= \frac { \pi ^{2} }{16} - \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log( \sqrt{2} )dt- \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} ))dt= \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{16} - \underbrace{ \frac{1}{4} log(2) \frac{ \pi }{2}= \frac{ \pi }{8} log(2) } - \frac{1}{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log[cos(t- \frac{ \pi }{4} )]dt$$$$I= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log[cos (t- \frac{ \pi }{4} )]dt \wedge t- \frac{ \pi }{4} =u \Longrightarrow dt=du \wedge t=0 \wedge u= \frac{ \pi }{4} \wedge t= \frac{ \pi }{2} \Longrightarrow u= \frac{ \pi }{4} \Longrightarrow I= \int _ {- \frac{ \pi }{4} } ^ { \frac{ \pi }{4} } log(cos u)du=2 \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos u)du now we consider I'= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos u)du \wedge J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(sinu)du \Longrightarrow I'+J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(cos usinu)du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log ( \frac{1}{2} sin2u)du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(sin2u)du- \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)du= \underbrace{ \frac{1 }{2} \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(sinu) \leadsto 2u \longrightarrow u} du- \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)=- \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)$$$$I'-J= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log ( \frac{sinu}{cosu} )du= \int _0^ \frac{ \pi }{4} log (tan u)du \wedge let tanu=w \longrightarrow du= \frac{dw}{1+ w^{2} } \wedge when u=0,w=0 \wedge u= \frac{ \pi }{4} ,w=1 \Longrightarrow I'-J= \int _0^1 \frac{logw}{1+ w^{2} } dw \Longrightarrow we know: \beta (z)= \frac{ (-1)^{z-1} }{ \Gamma (z)} \int _0^1 \frac{ log^{z-1} x}{1+ x^{2} } dx \Longrightarrow I'-J= \frac{ \Gamma (2)}{ (-1)^{1} } \beta (2)=- \beta (2)=G:catalans constant \Longrightarrow J= -\frac{1}{2} (G+ \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)),I'= \frac{1}{2} (G- \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)) \Longrightarrow I=2I'=G- \frac{ \pi }{2} log (2) \Longrightarrow I_2= \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{16} - \frac{ \pi }{8} log (2)+ \frac{ \pi }{4} log(2)- \frac{1}{2} G.$$$$ \Longrightarrow \frac{ \pi }{2} log(2)-[ \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{16} + \frac{ \pi }{8} log(2)- \frac{1}{2} G]= \frac{3 \pi }{8} log(2)- \frac{ \pi ^{2} }{16} + \frac{G}{2} $$

ریاضیدان، کسی است که شباهت ها را بین قضایا دریابد. ریاضیدان بهتر کسی است که بتواند شباهت بین برهان ها را ببیند. بهترین ریاضیدان کسی است که بتواند به شباهت بین نظریه ها توجه کند. و می توان تصور کرد که ریاضیدان نهایی کسی است که بتواند شباهت بین شباهت ها را مشاهده کند.
...